The Japanese Self Defence Forces (JSDF) has continued its introduction of its latest Type 20 assault rifle with the announced first fielding to its Air Forces with the Base Security Training Unit at Hyakuri Air Base. The Type 20 5.56mm Assault Rifle saw final development and acceptance in May 2020 to replace the Type 89 that has been in service since 1980.
Designed and manufactured by Howa Machinery Ltd, the Type 20 adopts the short-stroke gas-piston system and a rotating bolt design that has been widely adopted. Recognized for its reliability, it is also employed in the FN SCAR, the HK 433, the Beretta ARX, and others. The weapon uses standard STANAG magazines and has a three-position fire selector offering safe, semi-automatic, and full-automatic fire. A gas adjustment allows for accommodating use of a suppressor, rifle-launched grenades, or to assure operation in adverse conditions.
The weapon has a 330mm (13-inch) barrel and a retractable stock that reduces the carry length to 780mm (31.2 inches). It weighs 3.5 kg (7.7 pounds). The JSDF has specified a specific 5.56 mm high-power ammunition, the J-3, for the Type 20. This round has enhanced performance, allowing it to reach an effective range of 500 meters and penetrate body armor despite the short barrel length of the weapon.
The Type 20 features a full top Picatinny rail plus M-Lok slots at the sides and six o’clock position for optics and mounting accessories. It is equipped with iron sights but has also been seen with a Decon March 1-8 power focal plane optic. The JSDF has also selected the Beretta GLX-160 UBC grenade launcher, which can be mounted to the Type 20.
Key features of the Howa Type 20 include its enhanced ergonomics, with its design being more comfortable and efficient for soldiers to use. Adjustable stocks and improved grips accommodate the broad range of soldier body forms, both in the Japanese forces and those of potential export customers, as well as the use of body armor. In addition, the modular design allows the weapon to be easily customized for specific mission requirements and assignments. By adding or changing various sights, lights, grips, or the grenade launcher, the Type 20 can adapt to fill different squad roles.
A key emphasis has been placed on ensuring reliable performance of the rifle under different environmental conditions. Of particular importance was resisting corrosion in saltwater, as well as operating in mud, sand, and extreme temperatures. The expanded operational scope of the Japanese Forces and their potential worldwide deployment was a key focus. Finally, the Type 20 exhibits increased performance over the Type 89, with improvements in accuracy, effectiveness at range, and lethality, making it an overall superior individual weapon.
The initial distribution of the Type 20 was to the Amphibious Ready Deployment Brigade, with subsequent fieldings taking place to various Ground Defence Force units. This recent fielding to the Air Forces is part of the latest Type 20 orders, which will include weapons for the Maritime Self Defence Forces as well as further deliveries for the ground forces.
The total quantity of Type 20 weapons ordered for the Japanese forces is currently nearly 41,000 over the past five years. There has reportedly been interest expressed by other militaries in acquiring the Type 20; however, no foreign sales have occurred so far.
by Stephen W. Miller
